An Essay on Religion - 1974 Words

Ramy Gabal ENG2850 Professor Hale Sirin Due: February 26, 2015 An Essay on Religion During the late 17th and 18th centuries, a powerful movement spread across Europe that fundamentally changed European society. Widely referred to in hindsight as the Enlightenment, this era in European history showed a great emphasis on the glory of reason and science, dramatically shifting from the emphasis on religious doctrine that empowered Europe for centuries. Through this period of Enlightenment, new ideals were reflected amongst European society. Writers, scholars, and philosophers began writing fondly of the world and man’s capacity to understand the world around him without blindly following religion. Instead, people were encouraged to†¦show more content†¦Aside from his holy words, however, Madame Pernelle has no grounds to give Tartuffe such praise; a clear commentary of how some are blindly enamored by the words of the religious more than by their actions. Later, we are introduced to Orgon, who clearly plays the primary role of the fo ol in this play. Orgon believes that Tartuffe is a religious man of good spirit, blinded solely on him witnessing how loud Tartuffe prays in church, and how it causes all the eyes in the room to focus on him, â€Å"He used to come into our church each day, And humbly kneel nearby and start to pray. He’d draw the eyes of everybody there, By the deep fervor of his heartfelt prayer; He’d sigh and weep and sometimes with a sound, Of rapture he would bend and kiss the ground, And when I rose to go, he’d run before, To offer me holy-water at the door.† (MolieÌ€re, Act I, Scene V). Orgon’s appreciation for this deep religious fervor of Tartuffe goes so far that when he returns from his trip, he is more interested in hearing about how Tartuffe has fared in his absence than the status of his sick wife and his family (MolieÌ€re, Act I, Scene IV). The repetition of Orgon’s line â€Å"Ah. And Tartuffe?† after every worrisome answer regardin g his family is meant as a comedic tool to cite Orgon’s stupidity, as a man who cares more about a religious homeless man than his own family is truly a fool. While Tartuffe mocks the ignorance and blind faith some portray following religiousShow MoreRelatedReligion And Religion Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesReligion is universal. Although people may have different ideologies and practices, everyone believes in something, whether they deem it their religion or not. In this way, religion is a powerful connection between all of humanity; thus, it is important to understand the people behind religion and how their unique characteristics correlates with and influences religion—whether that be their social class, ethnicity, gender, or politics. However, ethnicity and gender, along with the closely linkedRead MoreReligion Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesReligion Essay 1. What are the functions of religion? 2. 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If you want to experience the powerful blessings youll receive from focusing all your attention on Jesus Christ in everything that you do, and on everything He has done for you, and understand why this is the key to total life transformation, abundant living, quick manifestation, wholeness and wellness, then listen to this. The simple truth is, living a Christ conscience life is about depending on Jesus for everything that you need and desireRead MoreEssay On No Religion726 Words   |  3 PagesMore Australians recorded â€Å"No religion† in the 2016 Census than any other belief category. The results, released on 27 June 2017, show non-belief surging from 22.3% in 2011 to 3x.x%, overtaking Catholicism which fell from 25.3% to x.xx%. The change represents a watershed moment: no longer can it be claimed that we are a Christian country. Marking a seismic shift in our belief landscape, (more than) one third of Australians are now nonbelievers, and less than half are Christian. The effect willRead MoreEssay Sociology and Religion1158 Words   |  5 PagesWe all have some experience with religion. Whether our parents are religious, our own religious views, or others who try and convert you to a religion, we have all come in contact with a religion. But what do sociology and religion have to do with each other? The answer to this question is that religion meets sociology in the affects that it has on an individual or society (Schaefer, Richard T, 2009, pg 323). What is a religion? A religion is defined by Richard Schaefer as a unified systemRead More Religion Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is intricately intertwined with various aspects in the socio-cultural arena, that the above three factors are always present in the shaping of an individual’s religious identity. Ethnic differences; according to the Social Identity Theory, emerge when individuals of ethnic minority groups feel threatened in terms of identity, thus reasons for their emphasis on their social identities as a means of maintaining positive self-conception. Gender differences may impact on one’s religious identity;

Clear Light of Day - 1606 Words

Tara and Bim attempt to reconcile their childhood dreams with their adult lives and work to resolve the lingering guilt of past family conflicts. When Tara returns for a visit with Bimla and Baba, old memories and tensions resurface and blend into a domestic drama that is intensely beautiful and leads to profound self-understanding. Their struggles with autonomy and independence are echoed in the backdrop of the newly-partitioned nation Plot summary The book is split into four sections covering the Das family from the children’s perspective in this order: adulthood, adolescence, childhood, and the time perspective returns to adulthood. The book centers on the Das family, who have grown apart with adulthood. It starts with Tara, the wife†¦show more content†¦Twenty years ago when Tara married, she left Old Delhi and a home full of sickness and death, while Bim continued to live in the family home, taking care of their autistic brother, Baba. Now Tara has returned, her first visit in ten years, for their niece’s wedding. Bim refuses to attend; she can’t visit their brother Raja who, like Tara, left her many years ago. Instead Bim dwells bitterly on her feelings of abandonment and the impact on her of her country’s recent history: the violent conflict between Hindus and Moslems, the death of Gandhi and the ensuing struggle for political power, and the malaria epidemic that killed so many. In Bim’s presence, Tara once again feels â€Å"herself shrink into that small miserable wretch of twenty years ago, both admiring and resenting her tall striding sister,† while â€Å"Bim w as calmly unaware of any of her sister’s agonies, past or present.† With language that describes both the harshness and beauty of family and the land, Anita Desai takes the reader with Tara and Bim on their struggle to confront and heal old wounds.—For great reviews of books for girls, check outShow MoreRelatedAnita Desai s Clear Light Of Day2326 Words   |  10 PagesEscapism in Anita Desai’s Clear Light of Day Clear Light of Day, written by Anita Desai and published in 1980, tells the story of the siblings of the Das family living in Old Delhi. It tells the story of Bim, the eldest sister - a history professor and caretaker of Baba, their youngest, autistic brother. She is a spinster who seems to have been left behind by everyone. Headstrong, intelligent and apparently sure of her choices, it seems that Bim has had no desire to escape her life. The novel alsoRead MoreClear Light of Day Literary Analysis: The House as a Metaphor1487 Words   |  6 Pages Home Is Where the Heart Is In the book Clear Light of Day, Anita Desai develops an extended metaphor of the Das family house to symbolize the entrapment of the Das children: Bimla, Tara, Raja, and Baba. Desai’s book follows each of the children as they grow up, but when the family gathers at the Das house for Raja’s daughter’s wedding, it is the first time the family had been at the house together since childhood. The house, kept the same through the years, then morphs into a prison, causingRead MoreFamily Feud in Anita Desai ´s Clear Light of Day1339 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween family members. Anita Desai’s Clear Light of Day shows how war, specifically the partition of India, affects a particular family. The partition of Indian in 1947 created the separate countries of India and Pakistan, consequently ripping families apart. The partition, initiated by India’s independence from Britain, attempted to accommodate irreconcilable religious differences between Muslims and Hi ndus by forming the Islamic Pakistan. In Clear Light of Day, the Das children’s relationship withRead More Comparing Tension and Conflict in Things Fall Apart and Clear Light of Day983 Words   |  4 PagesTension and Conflict in Things Fall Apart and Clear Light of Day      Ã‚  Ã‚   How does the tension between traditional and modern views of the world play itself out in Achebes Things Fall Apart, and Desais Clear Light of Day?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In both Achebes and Desais novels, tension and conflict between the new and the old, traditional and modern are the strong undercurrents that move the story and the reader into an unconscious emotional uneasiness.    In both novelsRead MoreEssay about Heroes and Heroism in Anita Desais Clear Light of Day 1299 Words   |  6 PagesHeroes and Heroism in Anita Desais Clear Light of Day      Ã‚  Ã‚   When one asks a child, What do you want to be when you grow up? a usual response is a fireman or a ballerina.   In Anita Desais Clear Light of Day, however, the young Bim and Raja are somewhat more ambitious; they answer that they want to be a hero and heroine.   Later, Bim asks somewhat bitterly, The hero and heroine-where are they?   Down at the bottom of the well-gone, disappeared (157).   Bim has lost track of her heroes;Read MoreEffect of Light Color on Plants1604 Words   |  7 Pagesthey obtain nutritive organic molecules (1), in other words, their food. Plants are denominated as autotrophs, organisms that can produce their own food from abiotic sources surrounding them, such as light, carbon dioxide and water (2). Plants use these three factors in photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy, which is then stored until the plant needs it, or used right away (3). The process of photosynthesis takes place on organelles (substructures inside eukaryotic cells) calledRead MoreClassroom : Description Of Optoma Hd25e Projector1137 Words   |  5 Pagesas it can project clear and colorful images and also can be connected to a computer and project the screen while an overhead projector can only project the image that is set on top of it. The HD25e has four parts the lamp, the color wheel, the DLP chip, and the lens. The lens is the source of light for the HD25e. The color wheel breaks the colors apart and gives the picture the HD25e produces its color. The DLP chip reflects the color to the needed position on the screen. The light passes through lensRead MoreFriday Of The Getty With Paul1007 Words   |  5 Pagesback as the 1300s. I focused on art that was featured in different galleries of the museum including Italian Renaissance era and early Christian work. The paintings that I finally decided to write about were The Portal of Rouen Cathedral i n Morning Light, The Arrival of Saint Ursula at Cologne and An Allegory of Fortune (both Dosso Dossi and Salvator Rosa’s paintings). Dosso Dossi’s An Allegory of Time, painted around 1530, depicts a nude woman, portraying Fortune, facing out toward the viewer, andRead MoreSocial Media Reflection Paper1179 Words   |  5 Pagesthe lady in this text. â€Å"You become what you focus on.† We have to understand this; focus makes vision clear! May we never lose focus (See definition below) of Jesus Christ! May we never lose focus of the vision He has given His body on the earth. Focus: adjustment for distinct vision; also : the area that may be seen distinctly or resolved into a clear image, a state or condition permitting clear perception or understanding , directed attention. Luke 10:38-42 â€Å"Now it came to pass, as they wentRead MoreOil And Gas Industry : The United States Government Restricted The Export Of Domestically Produced Crude Oil1385 Words   |  6 Pagespart to the evolving technologies surrounding hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. Between 2009 and 2013, crude oil production in the United States increased by roughly 2.1 million barrels per day and, according to ICF estimates, is projected to increase another 3.2 million barrels per day through 2020 (ICF International 2014). This has led to a high profile discussion regarding the removal of the export ban which peaked in October of this year when President Barack Obama stood firm against

Intel Capital Free Essays

Intel Capital: The Berkeley Network Investment Berkeley Networks’ goal of creating an open architecture aligned with Intel’s strategic goal. Although each party did its homework to understand generally what it would give and get, the relationship seemed to carry some dissonance. Berkeley Networks desired a controlled relationship keeping Intel far from its strategic motives; Intel, on the other hand, wanted to be more involved with BN and develop a closer relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Intel Capital or any similar topic only for you Order Now Intel wanted to integrate technology on the processor, and Berkeley Networks needed to retain its value and develop a relationship with Microsoft through its ties with Intel. Furthermore, Berkeley Networks provided Intel great introduction into new markets with new customers and the potential to develop a new market segment much quicker than Intel could develop on its own. At this point in the relationship between Berkeley Networks and Intel, Intel has not learned enough about Berkeley’s switch to call the investment successful. If the relationship continued, it is highly likely that Intelwould fulfill its goal of using Berkeley’s switch to promote its own products in networking equipment. Thus far, Intel has invested aggressively and been very successful with its investments. Furthermore, Intel has only invested a minimal amount in Berkeley Networks. I recommend Larson seriously consider blocking the potential There are a few other optionsI would recommend for Larson if Intel does not want to block the buyer. If the potential BN buyer would allow the relationship between BN and Intel to continue after the buyout, then Larson should simply continue with BN and reap the benefits. If Intel has a change of interest and simply wants financial rewards from Berkeley Networks, then it could buy shares of BN. Since Intel wants to further its relationship with BN, I think the best option is to pay to keep BN and maintain and grow Intel’sposition in the market. How to cite Intel Capital, Papers

Manage and Monitor Budgets

Question: Discuss about the Manage and Monitor Budgets. Answer: Introduction: A budget can be described as a plan which consists of details about how to spend money over a certain period of time. It identifies the amount of money to be kept aside for the regular and less regular expenses in that stipulated period of time. Regular expenses can be mortgages, rents and utilities. Less regular expenses can be car registration, etc. Sometimes, it also identifies the non-essentials areas where expense cannot be curbed or reduced such as lifestyle spending. Budgets can help the finances to keep a track of the ongoing expenses and forecast for upcoming the months which can prove crucial for the business. Budgets can be divided in terms of period of time they stand valid for, like a week, half month star or monthly. Every organisation plans a budget beforehand which they will follow for a certain period of time, but the best thing that really works is the individual decision of someone to control the expense. Yearly paid bills are included on a pro rata basis. For expenses, which occurs unexpectedly should use a budget buffer. Such as car repairs and medical bills which can never be predicted earlier. They often occur as accidents. A budget should be reviewed and updated in a span of few months, just to make sure the continuity of work for financial management. Accounting software can be described as a type of application software which records and processes commerce transactions contained by the functional modules mainly accounts payable, trail balance, accounts receivable and payroll. Generally, spreadsheet is used to make a budget. Actually, it can be also used as an accounting information system. This accounting system which can be developed internally within an organization or it can be procured form a third party who would prepare such systems to suit the needs of the business appropriately. Sometimes it can be a mixture of the application packages of a third party and confined moderators. These days, the accounting software can be accessed online from everywhere, anytime and from any internet enabled device which allows the users an ease of staying updated at all times. There are some similar risks between the tourism and the industry of hospitality. It is vital to learn regarding the risks of the sector and how can it be inhibited for the people at work do not have to face the risk. The modules that can be used in the sector of hospitality and tourism discussed below: Manual handling Slips, trips and falls Machines and equipments Power Risky substance and hazardous goods Stress due to heat Burns and cuts Cash handling, opening and closing procedures You might be involved in a range of activities, which are related to work in this industry. Such activities can be the preparation of the food, catering, making of beds, cleaning, the services of food and beverage, office kit operations, etc. The industry of hospitality and tourism provide work for a large number of sporty and young employees who have the energy level and enthusiasm to take on these tasks. The working structure can be confused and challenging but the figures shows that there are a large number of people in the industry have faced some or other kind of injury. Injuries can be prevented and minimised to a large extent with proper training and supervision. You should always follow the safety work instructions which will not only keep you safe but also prevent putting others at any sort of risk. The main reason of the assessment is to evaluate the competence because of the performance criteria, which is provided under each element of the competency. A participant is judged on the basis of their capabilities, that is, the participant can be either capable or yet to be capable. The judgement is given based upon a variety of factors. Assessment which is based on competency mainly focuses on the requirement of the place of work. All aspects of work performance are included in the competence. It also discusses the problem solving abilities and the capability to apply information and skills both, which are very familiar with the new situations. Assessment of competence involves evaluating both the skills and the knowledge required. However, it is not always required or desirable to demonstrate all the individual performance criteria separately, it is neither viable. It can only be discussed for the purpose of assessment. Thus, it means that a host of elements of competency or vari ous units which make up competency are often assessed together. Such methods which judge from the point of view where each skill or kind of knowledge is not assessed separately are highly recommended. This is because competency is made of knowledge, manner and an extensive range of skills. The whole when portrayed together reveals the true capability of an individual, whether he is appropriate for the job or not. In reality an individual needs to combine his knowledge and skills within the working ways of the company he works for to achieve the desired goals. Tourism offers research services to the whole industry employing the help of consumers, aviation, market insights, and financial analysis along with tourism. We are the one, who need to identify and understand the needs of the consumer and select a segment that gives the best return on investment. We also produce significant and suitable analytical research over inbound tourism markets; it also includes the current trend of analysing and communication in the worldwide tourism and identifies new and capitulate market. As we know about the trends it helps us invest in the right sector to earn high revenues in return. The role of tourism research Australias tourism research offers advanced information on research which supports better decision making, marketing and the industry performance of the tourism sector. It also offers superior research of the Australian community. Thus, they use such available information to edit and reform the already existing tourism policies and plans to achieve maximum profit. They also make new plans to attract more tourists to explore the diverse natural variety of Australia.

Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study

Introduction Various aspects have come to characterize the contemporary workplace. Application of scientific management methods and pursuit of training of employees has become the norm in the work place today.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is, therefore, no wonder that such aspects as organizational behavior and organizational learning have taken center stage. Increased competition and consumer education and activism means businesses have to invest in research and development as well as training of employees so that they can better handle customers. From Joe’s case, it is apparent that he relies greatly on the sales team to drive up the company’s sales volumes, and by extension, success. According to Posdakoff and Mackenzie (1994, p. 351), sales manager mainly use sales performance to determine the u sefulness of a sales person in an organization. However, many of them are increasingly considering behavior of their staff as a part of an effective functioning of a business unit. Posdakoff and Mackenzie further assert that these behaviors are discretionary on the part of the salesperson and that they greatly promote effective functioning of the unit with minimal effect on the salesperson’s level of productivity (1994, p. 351). This discussion will focus on the Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American case study, with the emphasis given to the importance of employees understanding people form perceptions and attributions about each other. Additionally, there will be an evaluation of the learning theory the author feels would be most appropriate for Joe to apply in his situation. Furthermore, the discussion will explore the suggested ways on how Joe can apply the theory discussed above to improve employee performance. Also, there will be a discussion on how Joe can leverage understanding of self efficacy to ensure only most successful people join the organization. Importance of Perception Besides the work place perception plays an important role in human beings’ everyday life. According to social scientists, perception is a way of conceiving something and also a process of acquiring interpreting information by human mind. Additionally, perception can also be a way in which people behave in specific situations. Joe Salatino’s position gives him immense power to organizational trends.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important for Joe to realize that sales profession is a â€Å"people† oriented front and â€Å"people skills† are necessary for its success. The president needs to acknowledge the importance of perception in sales before instilling the same drive in his employees. According to Greve, H. R. (2003, p. 55), people’s behavior is mainly determined by what they perceive as being real or not. He further says that distinctiveness, consensus and consistency form the main determinants of perception. According to Ormrod (1999, p. 89), little can go on in an organization without perception. Additionally, any employee in any organization needs perception that is accepted by all other employees to undertake any task. Perception, therefore, is the key for any manager like Salatino to help employees produce better results. Ormrod (1999, p. 94) says that perception helps people in any organization to perform different tasks in different ways because an organization needs different perceptions to attain successful results. With the above in mind, Joe must seek regular training of the sales team on issues relating to the importance of perception for better sales performance. In this case, regular training will comprise more or less of organizational learning. He should mak e it a priority for every sales person to understand the importance of perception for better understanding of customers. Learning theory As said earlier, organizational behavior and organizational learning are closely related. It is almost guaranteed that the kind of learning approach that an organization adopts has a huge impact on organizational behavior including aspects such as perception. Both social theory and operant conditioning theory are well suited in Joe’s approach to organizational learning. The operant conditioning form of learning makes an employee to adjust his/her behavior depending on expected stimulus. Operant behavior is more or less an improvement of voluntary behavior that occurs in an environment maintained by its own consequences. Joe can, therefore, adopt operant conditioning especially given the fact that he believes in extending monetary gifts to keep his sales staff motivated. However, considering the implications of social aspects in organizationa l behavior especially among the sales team, social learning is the most suited theory that Joe can apply in this situation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most social scientists contend that social learning theory is the bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories (Ormrod, 1999, p. 104). In social learning, learning occurs through observation of other people’s behaviors and their outcomes. Key in social learning theory is environmental reinforcement and punishing models. According to Ormrod (1999, p. 89), people in this case employee of a certain company get reinforced for modeling the behavior of other people. Four aspects characterize environmental reinforcement and punishing model. First, the model reinforces the observer. For instance, an employee can change his/her behavior in order to fit in with the rest of the group. Secondly, a third person may reinforce the observer. For instance, an employee may copy goo habits from his colleagues and/or boss. In return, the model extends compliments to the imitating employee resulting to a reinforcement of behavior. Third, reinforcement may come from the copied behavior itself. For instance, an employee may discover how fulfilling and rewarding courtesy to customers is to another employee. The former may result into being courteous and polite in order to experience the same rewarding and fulfillment. Fourth, there is a vicarious effect on a model’s behavior on an observer. For instance, one employee gets complimented and rewarded for putting into use subtle sales skills learnt in a sales seminar. In return, other employees may follow suit in order to get the compliment as well. For Joe’s employees to understand how to people form perceptions and attributions about each other, it is prudent that they model to learn fr om. Motivating them through operant conditioning alone is not enough. A situation underlain by social learning is better placed to help employees in understanding perceptions. Applying social learning theory to improve performance According to Dierkes et al. (2003, p. 251), employee behavior has to conform to workplace performance standards for successful running of an organization. Business leaders pursue organizational learning through training to enhance employees’ skills so that they can adopt preferred behaviors.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dierkes et al. further say that social learning theory comes in handy in through provision of opportunities to observe employees with an aim of rewarding desirable workplace behaviors while punishing those that are undesirable (2003, p. 251). Social learning theorists contend that careful observation of practices at the workplace is a primary way through which employees learn social behaviors. To improve employees’ performance through social learning, business leaders like Joe Salatino must be consistent in what they expect from employees’ social behavior. In essence, there should be the uniform treatment and reward of all employees. Precisely, managers and other corporate leaders must be role models in providing exemplary appropriate behavior. Through public forums and other avenues such as meetings, Joe Salatino can avail learning opportunities for employees working in the sales department. As said earlier, workplace training is crucial to organizational learning and eventual employee performance. Poling and Normand (1999, p. 237) suggest an application of principles of social learning theory to workplace training to reinforce an organization’s desired workplace behaviors. Also, Joe Salatino can engage other successful sales employees and personalities to deliver lectures to his team in order to boost performance as well as behavior since role model admiration enhances social learning. Leveraging self efficacy Many people will likely adopt behavior they think they can handle with success. Additionally, employees will only struggle to achieve what they feel is within their potential. For them to undertake the above, they will need to possess high self-efficacy. Precisely, self-efficacy is more or less self confidence an employee has towards learning (Greve, 2003, p. 55). According to Poling and Normand (1999, p. 239), individuals will choose activities they feel they have a chance of succeeding. He adds that individuals with high self-eff icacy tend to excel more than those without. For Joe to hire employees with high self-efficacy, it is imperative to put in place a rigorous interview process that will expose those employees that can better withstand the pressures of the job at hand. It, therefore, requires careful identification of potential employees with a sense of what they can and cannot do. Such employees will have a fairly precise opinion on their self efficacy. It is highly likely that employees with a high understanding of their own self-efficacy will integrate better and are in a better position of advancing Joe’s sales agenda in the company. While some people are trainable and can deliver with consistent skills training, Joe should make demonstration of self-efficacy the core requirement of joining his company’s sales team. Through the interview process, there is a need for Joe to investigate the background of his potential employees to his company. According to French et al. (2011, p. 125), many factors affect self-efficacy including previous successes as well as failures, feedback from other people and successes and failures of other people. Conclusion Organizational learning an organizational behavior are important parts of any organization’s corporate culture. Organizational behavior especially plays a crucial role in influencing managers’ performance evaluation. There is no doubt that these behaviors contribute to organizational success and so it is not farfetched to emphasize them in a situation like that of Joe Salatino. Employee understanding of perception is necessary for organizational success. Furthermore, integrating learning theory to organizational learning and subsequent modification of organizational behavior is a prerequisite to organizational success. Sales teams especially stand to gain from this approach given that they besides customer service are the face and voice of the company. It is also important to note that success of learning and development as well as change in corporate behavior greatly depends on self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is the success of sales professionals. References Dierkes, M. et al. (2003). Handbook of organizational learning and knowledge. NJ: Springer. French, R. et al. (2011). Organizational Behaviour. Chicago: Thomson’s Learning. Greve, H. R. (2003). Organizational learning from performance feedback: a behavioral perspective on innovation an change. New York: Routledge. Ormrod, J.E. (1999). Human learning. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. Posdakoff, P.M. MacKenzie, B.S. (1994). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Sales Unit Effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 351-363. Poling, A., Normand, M. (1999). Noncontingent reinforcement: an inappropriate description of time-based schedules that reduce behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Vol. 32, p. 237–238. This research paper on Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American was written and submitted by user Jaeden C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Kwanzan Cherry Tree Profile and Care Instructions

Kwanzan Cherry Tree Profile and Care Instructions Kwanzan Cherry has double-pink, beautiful flowers and is usually purchased and planted for this reason. The upright-spreading form, reaching 15 to 25 feet tall, is quite attractive in many locations including near a patio or as a specimen away from lawn grass competition. The tree is glorious in flower and has been planted along with Yoshino Cherry in Washington, D.C. and Macon, Georgia for their annual Cherry Blossom Festivals. This cherry provides a strong contrast to lighter-colored cherry blossoms, like Yoshino cherry, by showing a pink flower later in April and May. It becomes a larger part of the cherry show as spring introduces flowering later in the Northeastern U.S. Specifics Scientific Name: Prunus serrulata ‘Kwanzan’Pronunciation: PROO-nus sair-yoo-LAY-tuhCommon Name: Kwanzan CherryFamily: RosaceaeUSDA Hardiness Zones: 5B through 9AOrigin: Not native to North AmericaUses: Bonsai; container or above-ground planter; near a deck or patio; trainable as a standard; specimen; residential street tree; Cultivars Some cultivars might be locally available including: ‘Amanogawa’(‘Erecta’): Semi-double, light pink, fragrant flowers, narrow columnar habit, about 20 feet tall;‘Shirotae’(‘Mt. Fuji’, ‘Kojima’): Flowers double to semi-double, white, ruffled, about 2.5 inches across; ‘Shogetsu’ - tree 15 feet tall, broad and flat-topped, flowers double, pale pink, the center may be white, can be two inches across;‘Ukon’: Young foliage bronze, flowers pale yellow, semi-double. Description Height: 15 to 25 feetSpread: 15 to 25 feetCrown Uniformity: Symmetrical canopy with a regular (or smooth) outline and individuals have more or less identical crown formsCrown Shape: Upright; vase shapeCrown Density: ModerateGrowth Rate: MediumTexture: Medium Trunk and Branches The bark is thin and easily damaged from mechanical impact; the tree grows mostly upright and will not droop; showy trunk; should be grown with a single leader. Pruning Requirement: Needs little pruning to develop a strong structureBreakage: ResistantCurrent Year Twig Color: BrownCurrent Year Twig Thickness: Medium Foliage Leaf Arrangement: AlternateLeaf Type: SimpleLeaf Margin: SerrateLeaf Shape: Lanceolate; ovateLeaf Venation: Banchidodrome; pinnateLeaf Type and Persistence: DeciduousLeaf Blade Length: 4 to 8 inches; 2 to 4 inchesLeaf Color: GreenFall Color: Copper; orange; yellowFall Characteristic: Showy Culture Light Requirement: Tree grows in full sunSoil Tolerances: Clay; loam; sand; acidic; occasionally wet; alkaline; well-drainedDrought Tolerance: ModerateAerosol Salt Tolerance: ModerateSoil Salt Tolerance: Poor In Depth Neither stress-tolerant or highly drought-tolerant, Kwanzan Cherry should be located on a site with loose soil and plenty of moisture. Not for an urban parking lot or exposed street tree planting where borers and other problems normally attack. It has some tolerance to salt  and tolerates clay if well drained. Kwanzan cherry has good yellow fall color, does not bear fruit, but is somewhat troubled with pests. These pests include aphids which distort new growth, deposits of honeydew, and sooty mold. Bark borers can attack flowering cherries, and scale insects of several types infest cherries. Spider mites can cause yellowing or stippling of leaves and tent caterpillars make large webbed nests in trees then eat the foliage. Kwanzan Cherry prefers full sun, is intolerant of poor drainage, and is easily transplanted. However, the useful life of the species is limited to about 15 to 25 years for Kwanzan when on a good site. Still, the tree is a joy during this short period and should be planted.

Jane Austen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jane Austen - Essay Example In the society in which Jane lived, the only aspiration of a young girl is to get married. So Jane Austen selects the theme of marriage in all her novels. Even Emma ends in the celebration of three marriages. Jane Austen's novels are called drawing room novels. Emma is a typical drawing room novel. Almost all incidents in the novel take a place in the drawing room of Emma. Emma Woodhouse is the daughter of a valetudinarian. Her governess Miss Taylor assumes the role of a guide and friend to her in moments of loneliness. Jane Austen's 1816 novel, Emma reflects the detail of nineteenth century England and therefore the values of the context in which it was written. The setting of Emma is that of the world in which Austen lived. The text explores the themes and values of romance and marriage, social order, feminism and moral dimension. Austen has employed several techniques in order to convey these, such as literary context and social microcosm, satire and a number of narrative techniqu es. Austen provides exploits the contrast between how things seem to be and how they really are through these literary techniques. Austen typically writes novels that focus on social conventions. Her societies demonstrate these conventions are collapsing as the world is evolving and that what people believe to be conventional is really eroding. Characters of fortune and education who speak in accordance with the rules of pragmatics and social decorum are, in turn, rewarded through matrimonial bonds with characters of similar communicative merit. Gubar notes, â€Å"There is always the sense too that we owe to her narrator's art the significance with which such scenes are invested:

Employers Duty of Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employers Duty of Care - Essay Example From this study it is clear that Jake’s actions are actually within his scope of employment. According to Damewood, the duties and responsibilities of an auto shop service manager is â€Å"normally focused on satisfying the customers through correctly determining the problems with their vehicles and repairing them in a timely and cost-effective manner†. Although Herman identified that he should just focus on providing the free change oil service, the extra service provided by Jake ensures that the customers would be satisfied with his work. Further, any additional costs needed from checking the basics: the brakes, tires and transmission would be revenue for the shop. Jake could likewise just focus on the free change oil service, as advertised and advised by Herman. According to the paper Jake could seek the car owners’ permission to provide the basic checking services for extra charge that would provide revenue for the shop and would not necessarily cause unneces sary work slowdown for those car owners who opted not to avail of these extra services. In so doing, Jake would still be complying with the duties expected from his scope of employment and still adhere to the priorities set by Herman, his manager. As employer, Herman is responsible for Jake’s injury primarily since the injury was sustained while doing the responsibilities expected of him in the service department. According to U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration, â€Å"employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace†. The injuries sustained by Jake form part of OSHA’s regulations that cover autobody repair and refinishing where injuries that were identified include â€Å"being struck by an object, struck against an object, and caught in an object,

Boundaries should employers set for social media Essay

Boundaries should employers set for social media - Essay Example Employees should limit themselves when it comes to the use of social media in the workplace because in continuing to indulge themselves, they will most likely end up using up the time of their employers, which might lead to negative results in their output. Therefore, employees have to limit their time on social networks and should only use them in situations where they have been able to clear all the work on their table for the day and they have nothing else to do but to kill time. According to Young (2010), to use social media at any time in the workplace would be detrimental to their work and would amount to their stealing their employer’s time. The answer to this question largely depends on whether an employee has accomplished the goals that have been set for him because if he has not, indulging in social media might be detrimental to his performance. Furthermore, it is necessary for employees to ensure that the keep social media usage, which is essentially part of their social lives, out of the workplace because to use it in such an environment is disruptive to their work. Therefore, if an employee has not accomplished his goals, to use social media would be equivalent to stealing the time of their employers. While an employee might have worked for a number of hours, this does not mean that he has to take his employer’s time by using social media. The number of hours that an employee has worked does not matter as long as he keeps away from social media and makes sure that he delivers on his goals. Therefore, using social media during work hours would be the same as time-wasting and has to be reduced to a minimum or discouraged. 2. The justification used by heavy social-media users to using company software and confidential date in the workplace might be based on their opinion that it is part of their right. This is especially the case in a situation where they feel that their right to interact with others and express themselves in

Sudan and the USA: A comparison

Sudan and the USA: A comparison Sudan and the USA All countries in the world are unique in one way or another. When most people think of Sudan â€Å"the place of my birth†, they think of the south/north war and the recent genocide claims in Darfur. What many people do not realize is that not all of the countries in Africa are diverse as Sudan. While it does not compare to the USA, THERE ARE FEW DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES SUDAN AND THE USA from my point of view. In fact, this paper will focus on Sudan and the USA in view of their economy, education, and family. The first difference between Sudan and the USA can be traced through their economy. As an example, the USA is a stable, modern nation with a strong economy. The USA has a capitalist mixed economy, which is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity. One the other hand, Sudans economy is not good. The aftereffects of the 21-year civil war and very limited infrastructure, however, present obstacles to stronger growth and a broader distribution of income. Sudans primary resource is agricultural, but oil production and export have taken on greater importance since 2000. Although the country is trying to diversify its cash crops, cotton, and gum Arabic remain its major agricultural exports. Sudans foreign debt is exceeding $21 billion, more than the countrys entire annual gross domestic product. Sudans inadequate and declining infrastructure inhibits economic growth. As you can see, there are stark differences between the economies of Suda n and the USA. Another difference between Sudan and the USA is their education systems. To illustrate, in Sudan, the education system is not that good. There are many people who dont have any possibility of going to school due to limited opportunities or lack of money. Schools are clustered in the vicinity of Khartoum (capital city) and to a lesser extent in other urban areas, although the population is mainly rural. This concentration was found at all levels but was most marked for those in situations beyond the four-year primary schools. The north suffered from shortages of teachers and buildings, but education in the south is even more inadequate. On the other hand, in the USA, American public education is operated by state and local governments. Children are required in most states to attend school from the age of six or seven until they turn eighteen; states allow students to leave school at sixteen or seventeen. Small percentages of children are homeschooled. The United States has many compet itive private and public institutions of higher education, as well as local community colleges with open admission policies. Education is often regarded as the key to opportunity, including financial security. Americans take a practical approach to learning, so what one learns outside the classroom through internships, extracurricular activities is often considered as important as what is learned in the classroom. Therefore, lifelong learning is highly valued, which results in many adult and continuing education programs. Americans have many choices in school. They decide their major field of study, perhaps with or without their parents influence, and students even get to select some of their courses. USA and Sudan also share some similarities. Indeed, both gained independence from Great Britain. Sudan declared its independence on January 1, 1956, whereas, USA declared independence from Britain in 1776. Other similarity is how both countries view family and family life. In Sudan, the extended family provided social services. Traditionally, the family was responsible for the old, the sick, and the mentally ill, although many of these responsibilities had been eroded by urbanization. In many cases, however, the burden of these social services normally falls upon the women. Conversely, in the USA, people value their family and the way they live. The main purpose of the American family is to bring about the happiness of each individual family member. The traditional family values include love and respect for parents, as well as for all members of the family. Regardless of nationality, race and religion, we as people must learn to care for one another, appreciate and respect our differences. As we move on to the next century, we are closer than before. Globalization will continue to be a challenge in the new world, and most influential force in determining the future course of our planet. Reference Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook. (NOV 28, 2009). CIA The World Factbook Publications. Retrieved Nov 28, 2009 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

Of mice and me :: essays research papers

In the book â€Å"of mice and men† John Steinbeck writes about the idea of loneliness. For men like those at a California ranch, loneliness is about all they have to look forward to and for 3 men names Candy, Crooks, and George. They face loneliness at a higher rate than most. George the easy-going caretaker of lennie looks at loneliness a different way. George has been taking care of lennie ever since lennie’s aunt Clara died a long time ago. Moving from ranch to ranch, George finds himself unable to keep a friendship. Traveling with lennie who is nowhere near the maturity level of an adult George cant hold a reasonable conversation. George finds himself yelling at lennie on a daily bias. â€Å"God a’ mighty if I was alone I could live so easy. I could get a job and work and have no problems.† George is showing loneliness by saying if he wasn’t so lonely dealing with lennie he could maybe be happy. Another lonely person on the ranch is candy. Candy is an old man that really does not have a place there. He does odd-in jobs and can’t play any games with the younger men because of his age. The only thing candy had to call his own was his dog. Candy has had this dog since it was a puppy, and when they shot it because the dog is so old candy had noting to own. Candy says in the book â€Å"You seen what they did to my dog tonight? That says he wasn’t no good to himself nor anyone else. When they can me here I wish they would shot me. But they wouldn’t do anything like that. I won’t have a place to go, and I can’t get another job. By Candy saying this he is trying to say that the dog was all he had left, and that he can’t leave because he won’t be able to get another job. The loneliest of them all is Crooks. Crooks were the stable buck that had his own room and didn’t really talk with anyone. Because of the time period being black and looking for a job was hard. So Crook just had to deal with what ever he got. Of mice and me :: essays research papers In the book â€Å"of mice and men† John Steinbeck writes about the idea of loneliness. For men like those at a California ranch, loneliness is about all they have to look forward to and for 3 men names Candy, Crooks, and George. They face loneliness at a higher rate than most. George the easy-going caretaker of lennie looks at loneliness a different way. George has been taking care of lennie ever since lennie’s aunt Clara died a long time ago. Moving from ranch to ranch, George finds himself unable to keep a friendship. Traveling with lennie who is nowhere near the maturity level of an adult George cant hold a reasonable conversation. George finds himself yelling at lennie on a daily bias. â€Å"God a’ mighty if I was alone I could live so easy. I could get a job and work and have no problems.† George is showing loneliness by saying if he wasn’t so lonely dealing with lennie he could maybe be happy. Another lonely person on the ranch is candy. Candy is an old man that really does not have a place there. He does odd-in jobs and can’t play any games with the younger men because of his age. The only thing candy had to call his own was his dog. Candy has had this dog since it was a puppy, and when they shot it because the dog is so old candy had noting to own. Candy says in the book â€Å"You seen what they did to my dog tonight? That says he wasn’t no good to himself nor anyone else. When they can me here I wish they would shot me. But they wouldn’t do anything like that. I won’t have a place to go, and I can’t get another job. By Candy saying this he is trying to say that the dog was all he had left, and that he can’t leave because he won’t be able to get another job. The loneliest of them all is Crooks. Crooks were the stable buck that had his own room and didn’t really talk with anyone. Because of the time period being black and looking for a job was hard. So Crook just had to deal with what ever he got.

Juvenile and Adult Courts Essay

One dilemma that is an issue in our society is crime among our youths. Crime is everywhere that is caused by both adults and youth. Daily we hear of murders, robberies, and rapes that have been committed by juveniles. The Juvenile Court with Adult Court is different and similar in the criminal justice system. A look at the juvenile history in 1643 a sixteen year old boy was put to death for sodomizing a cow. Today many states disagree in the execution of juveniles. In the present day the increasing violence, both juvenile and adult system has changed over the years (Simmons 2002). The juvenile philosophy in juvenile courts was to offer the youth an individualized justice and treatment instead of imparting justice and punishment. The juvenile court is different then adult court and from earlier periods of American history was the idea of protecting the children. The focus is treatment and the best interest of the child in the disposition. Since the increase of serious violent crimes by juveniles policymakers have argued for tougher penalties are needed in deterring crime among juveniles. This caused an increase of juveniles in adult courts. It seems that tougher policies have not decrease or deter juveniles for committing serious crimes. There are five major ways juveniles get transferred to adult courts. 1. Discretionary judicial wavier, 2. Mandatory judicial wavier, 3. Presumptive judicial wavier, when the burden of the proof is on the juvenile courts is more appropriate, 4. Prosecutorial direction to charge in adult court, 5. Statutory exclusion provision, which automatically exclude certain  juveniles due to their age (Simmons 2002). Similarities: Juvenile and Adult. You can ask yourself two questions? Do juveniles who are in adults court getting treated harsh compared to theses in juveniles court? Do juveniles in adults court not repeat offense that those in juvenile court? According to the Serious Violent Juveniles Offenders study group no real study has been done on the two questions many of us ask ourselves. The juvenile/adult justice system refers to the police, the juvenile/adult courts, their intake and probation officers, attorneys for the state and the juvenile/adult/parents, juvenile/adults detention/jail faculties, juvenile/adult correctional faculties, social worker that place juveniles that are court ordered. Each area of the system has different discretions that keep the system in check. Juveniles/adults both have the right to receive Miranda warning. Juveniles/adults are protected from prejudicial lineups producers (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). Equivalent guidelines protect juveniles and adults from admitting guilt. Prosecutors and defense attorney both have a significant responsibility in both juvenile and adult advocacy. Juveniles and adults have both the right to a counsel for the court proceedings. Similarities of negotiation or plea barging exist in both juveniles and adults offenders. Juveniles and adults both have the right to a hearing and appeal. Juveniles and adults can be both placed on probation. Both juveniles and adults can be detaining for pretrial in jail. Juveniles and adults can be kept in jails without bail, if they are a threat or dangerous. After the trail both juveniles and adults can be placed into a treatment program (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). Diferences: Juveniles and Adult. The juvenile and adult systems are similar in many ways and yet are also different in many ways. In the juvenile system the standard of evidence of juvenile delinquency adjudications, in adult court trail it is the proof  beyond a reasonable doubt (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). The vital purpose of the juvenile courts is to protect and treatment for the child. Whereas adults the focus is to punish the guilty. Age determines the jurisdiction for a juvenile in juvenile court. The nature of the offense determines jurisdiction in the adult system (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). Juveniles proceeding are not considered criminal; adult proceedings are. Juvenile court proceeding are usually informal and confidential. Whereas adult courts are held more formal and are open to the public and are not confidential. Courts can release the identity or any information about a juvenile in a trail to the media, but the courts must release any information regarding an adult to the media (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). Juveniles can be detained for acts that would not be considered criminal if they were adults, status offense. In the juvenile court parents/guardians are involved in every step of the proceedings, but not in the adults’ process. The juvenile can be release to their parents/guardians supervision if the charge is not a felony or if there is a need for protection. Adults if not a threat or dangerous are given a possibility for bail (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). Some major differences between juveniles and adults are the issue that juveniles have no right to a jury trail, adults have that right. Juveniles who are questioned by a police officer can just give their names and address; they parents/guardians must be notified. Juveniles can be searched but must express rejection, but in a school sitting a search without probable cause is valid. For adults they are detained and must answer any question they choose to answer without an attorney, searches are done for officer safety, probable cause must be present. A juveniles’ record can be sealed at the age of maturity, usually at the age of 18 years old. For adults the records are permanent (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). Benefits and disadvantages of juvenile court from the perspective of a youth offender. The death penalty is a conservational issue in the criminal justice system today. Capital punishment is allowed in 35 states. Over the past years some of those that were executed were seventeen years old when they committed the crime of murder. The Supreme Court ruled in the case of Thompson v. Oklahoma 1988 that it is unconstitutional to execute juveniles who commit a crime at the age of 15 years old (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). Then a year later the Supreme Court ruled a juvenile who commits a crime at the age of 16 can be executed. Even though Thompson’s life was spared this still leaves a question whether juveniles’ murders are criminals who deserve to die or whether or not they can be rehabilitate to learn to live a productive life. The issue is more conservational for executing juveniles then adults (Allard, Young. 2002). Despite the rights secured by the case Gerald Gaullt, juveniles can still de deprived of some freedom for actions that would be considered criminal if an adult. Some of these offenses are truancy, running away, and incorrigibility. Juveniles are minors and are immature, incapable and protection is waived if they commit an adult crime. The juvenile system is been criticized because children have many rights that caused the fine line to be less define between childhood and adulthood (Kalinich, Klofas, & Stojkovic 2003). Thinking for a juvenile offender is the fresh beginning of a new life after the age of 18 years of age, juvenile records are sealed. The idea that you can be treated and to understand a life of crime only makes life harder when becoming an adult. Societal implications of abolishing juvenile court. The juvenile system is set up to protect the best interest of the child. Since the change of crime and time juveniles are committing adult crimes. The system is so well establish. Judges preside over juvenile court in all  states. The implication of doing away with the juvenile system will just only cause confusing and cause the system to obstruct the entire criminal justice system. Recommendations for the future of the Juvenile Justice system. The juvenile court of the future will likely remain in our society. The focus of the future juvenile court is to intervene on behalf of children and families in crisis. The court’s jurisdiction in the future maybe to focus less on delinquent cases that involved juveniles who are older and have committed serious crime. The focus of the best interest of the child will remain the foundation of the system (Roleff 2000) The future of children’s rights lie in the hands of every state. The history of the juvenile justice system has brought its own political, economic, and social challenges, their will always be conservational issues. The future of the system is that children now have the real opportunity to express their voice and ideas on how they can improve their world. The future goal should focus on early intervention, the juvenile court personnel must work outside the system to find the best for the child. A continuing characteristic of the system will always be age based jurisdiction (Roleff 2000). The future trend in the juvenile system will be the issues of juveniles begin transferred to adult court. The fine line of juvenile court borderlines between adult courts of those juveniles who commit a serious crime. Risk Assessment is tools that are completed for every juvenile that enters the court system. The assessment should change with time, to fit the juvenile. These programs that are resulted from the assessment focus, on prevention or rehabilitation. Prevention programs are to prevent juveniles from becoming delinquents. Rehabilitation programs are to focus on reducing delinquency. And just maybe with their voice and their parents and the help of each state will conventionality change future ideas. I work at the Pima County Adult Detention Center here in Tucson; the jail holds juveniles who have committed adult crimes in the West Facility. The unit is considered a specialized unit; the unit uses a point system to encourage positive behaviors. The treatment programs is totally different then the adult inmates. They also get hold meals and snacks every day. The jail also has schooling for the juveniles, which is required for them to attend. The unit also has another unit that hold new arrestees and those juveniles who are a threat to staff, or other inmates. I never really knew what happens to juveniles who commit serious crime until now. With time the juvenile justice system will always change as time goes by. The Supreme Court will always hear cases that will make changes in the system. Crime is a increasing among our youths and will always be a challenging battle for us in the law enforcement community. All we can is to embrace change for the best and to understand the future lies in the hands of our children. As a Correction Officer for Pima County Sheriff Department I would like to see what happen in the aspect of juveniles in adult detention centers. References 1. Allard, Paterica and Young, Malcolm. (2002). The Sentencing Project: Prosecuting Juveniles in Adult Court. 2. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. December (2003). Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved August 30, 2005, from University of Phoenix Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ojjdp/201370.pdf http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/294/294lect01.htm . 3. Kalinich, D., Klofas, J., & Stojkovic, S. (2003). Criminal Justice Organizations. Retrieved August 30, 2005, from University of Phoenix Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp 4. Roleff, Tamara. (2000). Crime and Criminal. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 5. Simmons, Adele. (2002). A century of juvenile justice. The University of Chicago Press. 6. White, Carter. (2002). Reclaiming incarcerated youths through education. Corrections Today Volt 64, Issue 2, Apr 2002. Record Number: 123325831.

Social Mobility in US essays

Social Mobility in US essays Social Mobility in the United States? The focus of this paper will be social mobility in America. My expected findings were that upward social mobility is declining in America, social mobility depends on race, income, mother and father occupation, and ethnicity. The method of research that I used was literature review. I found that 1) upward social mobility is more likely for a white individual than a black individual 2) upward social mobility among the lower classes is decreasing and downward social mobility is increasing 3) upward social mobility does increase the higher the person starts on the social ladder. The United States of America is a country that takes pride in having a thing called equal opportunity for all. America is a place where one can supposedly be successful if he or she works hard. Is this the reality of our society or just a myth? If the idea of equal opportunity were a reality in America, social mobility would be a very common thing. Poverty would only be temporary for the ones who willing to work hard. It wouldnt have to mean that America would be a classless society, just one in which people moved up and down the social ladder. The question of social mobility and the truth to the idea of equal opportunity has been argued for many years in America. We have yet to come to a consensus. If it is true that equal opportunity doesnt exist in American than the idea of the American Dream would be false. Everything that America is about and stands for would have to be questioned and reexamined. Social policies in America have often been shaped by different ideas concerning this issue. Politicians who favor the idea that equal opportunity does exist often enact policies that take away public assistance to impoverished people in America. They believe that since America provides equal opportunity there is no reason to give assistance to poor people. The idea here is t...

Effective Management in International Business Lessons from Four Seasons Expansion to France

Effective Management in International Business Lessons from Four Seasons Expansion to France Introduction Managing in an international business presents unique challenges due to differences in aspects such as culture and legislation among countries. For instance, a manager from a monochronic culture (e.g. North America) may find it challenging to work with employees from a polychronic culture (e.g. France) due to their different perceptions of time.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Effective Management in International Business: Lessons from Four Seasons’ Expansion to France specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The monochronic-oriented manager would, for instance, focus on individual goals, sequentially, while the polychronic-oriented employees would be more comfortable working on multiple goals simultaneously (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003; Nardon Steers 2009). With respect to legislation, differences in legislation, for instance on labor and environment, may imply different operating costs for an en tity. This report analyzes how Four Seasons managed such dynamics when it expanded its services to France, to operate the Four Seasons Hotel George V Paris as reported in the case study by Hallowell, Bowen and Knoop (2003). Four Seasons has had a phenomenal history of operating luxury hotels and resorts as evidenced by its performance from 1996 through 2000. During this period, its revenues increased at a compound rate of 22.6% annually, with the operating margins increasing by approximately 9% (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003, p. 1). The entity’s revenue per room was also higher than the industry average in the U.S. and Europe (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Such success was ensured by its effective management approach and well-informed principles that guided its international growth. Despite this success, its entry into France was challenging; for instance, labor legislation in France lowered working hours for employees, while the French cultural-orientation differed significa ntly from cultures in the other regions in which Four Seasons had existing operations (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). This report assesses how four seasons overcame such challenges. Following the introduction, the report evaluates the appropriateness of management approach used to open the Parisian hotel, the core values demonstrated by various members of Four Seasons, and the impact of management approach on service delivery. The conclusion subsequently identifies the key aspects discussed throughout the report.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Four Seasons Approach when Opening Parisian Hotel The appropriateness of the management approach used by Four Seasons to open its operations in France was evident from factors such as awareness of French culture, adaptation to such a culture, and the principles that conferred the hotel with the ability to drive change. These aspects are highlighted in subsequent sections. Cultural awareness and adaptation Differences in cultures among countries affects aspects such as negotiations, communication, trust, commitment and cooperation (Hurn 2007; Wendt, Euwema van Emmerik 2009), hence may lead to unfavorable performance for an entity (Mullen Copper 1994; Pillai Williams 2004). Following the realization that cultural distance influences business outcomes, the need for managers to have an awareness of cultures in countries in which they run business activities has necessitated such practices as cultural training to ease adjustment to foreign cultures (Waxin Pannaccio 2005; Causin, Ayoun Moreo 2011). The awareness of Four Seasons management about cultural orientation of the French was primarily evident in the choice of the entry mode. For instance, by recognizing the opportunity that hotel George V presented, Four Seasons mnagement was able to avoid liabilities such as the label of a foreign entity t hat could influence its start-up performance. Such approach prevented an unsuccessful entry into the French market that had been a characteristic of other American entities such as Disney (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Additionally, Four Seasons’ management cultural awareness was evident with their choice of a French interior designer to overcome the challenges imposed by the choice of George V. The George V opportunity presented a challenge of establishing the appropriate balance between maintaining George V’s reputation and rebuilding the premises to meet preferences of contemporary visitors (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). By choosing a designer familiar with the French people’s perception of aspects such as luxury, thus capable of capturing the symbolism attached to the old hotel while creating a new look that would better customer satisfaction, the entity was able to enhance the hotel’s reputation with contemporary visitors while and retain the reput ation that hotel George V held (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Other instances that indicate cultural awareness and adaptation were related to the entity’s adherence to employment legislation existing in France and its hiring of a non-Four Seasons executive chef (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Effective Management in International Business: Lessons from Four Seasons’ Expansion to France specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whereas the chef had challenges meeting expectations of contemporary visitors (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003), hiring such an individual with experience in French cuisine helped to reinforce the perspective of Four Seasons being a French palace hotel. Ability to drive change and Impact on Performance Four seasons opening of their Parisian hotel faced various cultural challenges due to differences in culture between North America and France. For instanc e, the managers faced challenges in the process of performance evaluation since the French culture did not favor a direct and explicit approach to discussing employees’ weaknesses, an approach that would be easy to apply in their North American establishments (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Similarly, whereas front-line and middle managers in North America assumed more responsibility and accountability for their roles, such managers in France tended to refer accountability for their decisions and policies to their superiors (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Other conflicting cultural aspects included the differences in perception of time and the French emotional way of doing tasks, which could, on the negative, result into the French temper lashing out (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Such differences implied that whereas Four Seasons management needed to adjust to some aspects of the French culture, in other aspects they would need to implement strategies that would help in cul tural transmission to help the entity meet its principle of providing services based on globally uniform standards. The approach taken by the management in opening the French hotel indicated the ability of Four Seasons to drive change. The entity for instance had established a strategy that enhanced cultural transformation to meet its established standards.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The entity’s strategy for instance encouraged the development of the right attitude to work by promoting employees who remained committed to the appropriate culture and attitude (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Eventually, such employees would form a critical mass that would form force required to achieve a cultural transformation for the whole entity. To achieve such a cultural-transforming effect in France, Four seasons hired individuals with prior experience working in North America; such individuals helped to demystify negative perception of the North-American aspects of culture that Four seasons intended to introduce at hotel George V (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Similarly, the managers hired had experience in other Four Seasons operations thus could help in training the employees on the expected standards of service (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). The cultural transformation was also aided by the direct involvement of top management as exemplified by the general manag ers (Le Calvez) encouraging the use of first names, an aspect that was rare in the French culture (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). The ability of the Four Seasons management to drive change was evident with changes in quality rating reported following second audit of quality of service at the hotel. In the first audit, various drawbacks to quality service included: staff’s inappropriate attitude, inability to sell the entity’s services and preoccupation with rules and policy to guide their actions (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). During the second audit, such aspects had given way to exemplary service that led to a quality rating comparable to other Four Seasons establishments (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Additionally, such an effect was notable in the high staff satisfaction with their job at Four Seasons as revealed via an Employee Opinion Survey (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Core Values Instilled in Four Seasons Team The successful opening and favorable performan ce of Four Seasons establishment in France resulted from various core values the entity entrenched in its staff. Among these values is the human resources’ â€Å"Golden Rule† that stipulates that staff ought to treat each other as they would wish to be treated (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). The top management demonstrates this principle for instance by inviting employees and their families to an open door event at the hotel for about three times a year (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Additionally, the human resource approach that rewarded employees based only on meritocracy evidenced the application of this rule. Further, such a value was evident in Le Calvez’s approach of encouraging the use of first name to create a more-relaxed environment that ensured effective communication among employees at different levels of the organization’s hierarchy (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Four Seasons favorable performance was also a factor of the entity insisting o n each employee rendering professional service to the clients. Such is evident, for instance, with the stipulation that there should not have been a reason to offer below-par service to the customer (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). For instance, managers in Four Seasons were noted to routinely help in clearing the restaurant tables in passing (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Such an act avoided cases where staff shortage would result into a lower level of service thus lowering customer satisfaction with the entity’s service. The performance of four seasons was further aided by the strong allegiance of employees to the entity. For instance, Four Seasons had a low staff turnover with some employees staying with the firm for a period extending over 25 years (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). The general manager appointed to head the entity’s operations in France had been with Four Seasons for such a lengthy period having been an employee at The Pierre in New York, a hotel oper ated by Four Seasons, for 11 years (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Finally, Four Seasons performance derived from its promotion of diverse cultures but maintaining uniform standards. Such diversity in cultures was, for instance, evident in the observation that the entity’s top managers were comfortable in various international settings (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Through such knowledge, the managers could help employees learn about different cultures thus alleviating the challenges associated with cultural adjustment in foreign operations. Impact of Management Approach on Service Delivery The Four Seasons’ management approach enhances the service delivery within its establishments since it offers the motivation that employees need to remain committed to organizational goals. Such an effect is evident with the improvement in quality rating during the second audit of Four Seasons’ Parisian hotel (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). For instance, allowing middle and front-line managers to become accountable and responsible for decisions at their points of work (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003), empowers them to develop innovative approaches that better business outcomes (Cohen 2004; Burke et al., 2006). The management approach also supported the goals and principles of Four Seasons in a variety of ways. By instituting a cultural transformation, the management for instance sought to establish the attitude and behaviors that would result into a globally uniform service, irrespective of the location of the establishment. Such an approach reflected on Four Seasons’ notion of establishing service based on globally uniform standards, irrespective of the location of the establishment (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Additionally, by basing employee promotion and rewards on meritocracy, the management practiced the human resources’ golden rule which stipulated that each employee was to treat others according to the treatment that one would e xpect from them (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Four Seasons’ approach to improve communication among employees at various levels of the organization, through such ways as employees’ meetings with the general manager, improved the capacity of the entity to deliver intelligent, anticipatory and enthusiastic service as envisioned in the entity’s principles (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). For instance, the improved communication helps in identifying potential risks that could lower the service provision at the entity, thus help in initiating timely corrective actions. Conclusion Wide cultural and legislative differences between the home and host country present a barrier to the establishment of effective management practices in the host country. This report evaluates how Four Seasons, a company with roots in North America, was able to manage such challenges in its operations in France. Factors such as management’s cultural awareness, adaptation and capacity to institute change, helped Four Seasons to open and run its operations in France successfully. The management’s cultural awareness was for instance noted in incorporating features of the French culture during the renovations and hiring of French individuals such as a chef to enhance cultural learning. Nevertheless, due to conflicting aspects between the French culture and Four Seasons established norms, the entity’s ability to institute change was the core determinant of success. Such change was established through ways such as hiring individuals with experience working in North America, who would act as the foundation for the transformation other employees’ attitudes. The management experience and skills were also critical in ensuring success of Four Seasons in France. Managerial aspects that enhanced Four Seasons outcomes included empowering middle and front-line managers to make decisions at their place of work, establishing effective communication channels at all levels of the organization’s hierarchy and sharing the commitment to the principles envisaged in the entity’s goals. Through such aspects, the entity’s quality rating had improved to levels comparable with existing establishment by the time the second quality audit was performed. References Burke, CS, Stagl, KC, Klein, C, Goodwin, GF, Salas, E Halpin, SM 2006, ‘What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams?A meta-analysis’, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 17, pp. 288-307. Causin, GF, Ayoun, B Moreo, P 2011, ‘Expatriation in the hotel industry: an exploratory study of management skills and cultural training’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 23, no. 7 Cohen, AR 2004 ‘Building a company of leaders’, Leader to Leader, vol. 34, pp.16-20. Web. Hallowell, R, Bowen, D Knoop, CI 2003, ‘Four Seasons goes to Paris: â€Å"53 properties, 24 countries, 1 philosophy†Ã¢â‚ ¬â„¢, Harvard Business Review, Case 9-803-069. Hurn, BJ 2007, ‘The influence of culture on international business negotiations’, Industrial and Commercial Training, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 354-360. Mullen, B Copper, C 1994, ‘The relationship between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration’, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 210-227. Nardon, L Steers, RM 2009, ‘The culture theory jungle: divergence and convergence in models of national culture’, Cultural Foundations (part 1) in Cambridge handbook of culture, organizations, and work, eds RS Bhagat RM Steers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3-23. Web. Pillai, R Williams, EA 2004, ‘Transformational leadership, self-efficacy, group cohesiveness, commitment and performance’, Journal of Organization Change, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 144-159. Waxin, MF Panaccio, A 2005, ‘Cross-cultural training to facilitate expatriate adjustment: it works! Personnel Revie w, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 51-67. Wendt, H, Euwema, MC van Emmerick, IJH 2009, ‘Leadership and team cohesiveness across cultures’, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 358-370.

Analytical report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analytical report - Term Paper Example Numerous countries in the world do not use the floating exchange rate system due to its fluctuating nature. However, in this situation, it would be best for the small country to use this system since it has more positives than negatives when it comes to growth. The recommendations in favor of this system and some of its disadvantages are discussed below. One of the main advantages of this type of system is the fact that there is an automatic balance of payment adjustments. This means that if there is disequilibrium in the balance of payments, it is normally be corrected by changes in the exchange rate system. This means that if a country has disequilibrium in the balance of payment, then it means that the currency would have to decrease in value. First of all the disequilibrium is brought forth by the fact that the exports outweigh the imports in terms of supply. Therefore, the local currency would be greatly supplied in the foreign market (Bized, 2011, para. 4). This would drive the value of the local currency down and would mean that the imports would be made more expensive and the exports cheaper. This would lead to an automatic increase in demand for the exports which would ultimately result to a balance of payment adjustment. The other main advantage of this type of system is that it frees the internal policy. This means that t he balance of payment is usually rectified when there is disequilibrium by a change in the external price of the local currency. This is as opposed to a fixed exchange rate system in which if there is disequilibrium it means that there is the need to cause a general deflationary. This deflationary could result to the general unemployment of the citizenry. The other main advantage of this type of system is that the country would be free from economic crisis but not completely as money is usually

Play Money Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Play Money - Research Paper Example The company celebrated its 150th anniversary this year. Intel Corporation designs, manufactures, and sells unified digital technology platforms The company offers microprocessors that process system data and controls other devices in the system; and chipsets (Bloomberg, 2014). Alcoa Inc. engages in the manufacture and management of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum, and alumina. The company operates in four segments: Alumina, Primary Metals, Flat-Rolled Products, and Engineered Products and Solutions. Its products are used in aircraft, automobiles, commercial transportation, packaging, building and construction, oil and gas, defense, consumer electronics, and industrial applications. Bank of America Corporation, over its subsidiaries, offers various banking and financial products and services to single consumers, small-and middle-market businesses, recognized investors, corporations, and governments in the United States and internationally. The company’s Credits segment provides traditional savings accounts, cash market savings accounts, CDs and IRAs, and noninterest-and interest-bearing checking accounts, as well The Dow jones industrial average jumped 195 point or 1.1% to 17390.52 a closing record for the index. The previous record was 17279.74. The Dow section leading the way higher was Gamble, which sported a $1.22 gain (+1.4%) getting the stock to $87.27. U.S Securities ans Exchange Commisions. (2014, June). Financial Navigating in the Current Economy: Ten Things to Consider Before You Make Investing Decisions. Retrieved from U.S Securities and Exchange Commisions:

Importance of Software Quality and methods for assessment Essay

Importance of Software Quality and methods for assessment - Essay Example The above stated definitions are preliminary and important from different perspectives; even if they share the related essence. The clear understanding of customer needs by software products by means of operating requirements. No doubt, the software quality directly affects the operation as well as maintenance of software; however the question of how to impartially and scientifically assess software quality is turning out be a hot spot in field of software engineering. Software quality evaluation requires a lot of dedicated tasks which are really essential to be performed during software life cycle and it also provides a standard for evaluating software quality that is generally applied and maintained throughout software development procedures and practices. During the entire process of software quality assurances to get the utmost quality and performance we have to persistently found software quality throughout techniques and measures of software development. In the present situatio n, we are required to disclose current status of the software, provide effective and best possible means for buyer, developer and evaluator and thereafter foresee follow-up development trend of software quality (Bawane & Srikrishna, 2008; Aimin & Wenxiang, 2009; Mohanty, 1979).In this section I will highlight some of the main views of the software quality assurance from the perspectives of different industries. So in this analysis we will be determining some of the main characteristics of software quality assurance from the viewpoint of several stakeholders.

Flowers Essay Example for Free

Flowers Essay Flower is abeautiful things for me.I like it so much.Ilike to give all person that.I love them flowers to exepres my love and recpect for them.We can see the flower in many places such us:garden house and farms.It have amany beautiful colours like:red,light pink and dark pink,yellow and white.for me I like the red flower becous it meems the love.Know I wont to give my teacher this flower to exepres my love and recpect for her. Information about flowers Municipal offline Avatar municipal flower of great beauty with red and purple and other colors and the rose nicknamed Queen of flowers because the Avatar has a beautiful shape and the smell of a smart stay long and seeing the flowers before sunset to extend the life of Rose and reap a portion is a short section by scissors so as not to dissection tree offline and then placed Rose immersing the leg in the water in the deep water for about an hour. Lotus flower Is the flower was taken by the old army informed him, and lotus leaf ground and agricultural leg upright has many branches and flowers bright yellow color, topped with some red spots, and the lotus plant rises from 15 cm to 30 cm and a lotus flower in a coloring substance analgesic anti-spasm and has an uncanny ability to cure infections , and lotus flowers flowers thin can not afford transport from one place to another and is also picked to cause her death quickly and lotus in Egyptian mythology reflect the childhood of innocent flying from the heart of the flower white, flower lotus grows with sunlight and grows in the ponds of static water in the marshes wide in the Fayoum and the the surface of quiet water in the foot hills of the desert has been called the Pharaohs on the lotus flower beautiful or Nangr because it is the most perfect flowers and the lotus flower with a blue lady perfume and brightest of the white lotus. Violet Trees of violet are Kaloashab small but bushes Accessories leaves in the form of tablets have a long neck and flowers in the axes of shrubs, each flower grows in the branch and its reach is long and the color of flowers white or purple, violet leaves heart-shaped and the flowers her legs long and is yellow or blue and Tguettaf flowers violet in the early hours of the morning because the smell stronger in the early morning and violet flowers, but do not live long after the cut out of the water as quickly appended to their necks He shall be placed in water immediately or transfer to another place, wrapped in paper to protect it during transport. Narcissus Its leaves are similar to drive five or six in number, and a page of paper upright and culminates plant Zahrtan large color sulfur, and flowers of narcissus Municipal harvested early in the morning and the smell pungent and stronger than those harvested in the middle of the day for they shall be then, a few essential oils that evaporate with rising temperature of the atmosphere. Camellia Girls dendritic sprouting flowers in winter and spring and flowers Alcamili pink or red or white, a plant beautiful lives in the shadow does not need a small amount of sunlight, but needs to light a lot, and can be grown Camellia seeds or planting can also cut his mind by the buds of the leg A plants and planting from September to February each year. Willow Large tree grows on the shores of canals and drains, rising to about about 25 meters and its subsidiaries medium extroversion and upright form of green oil topped with fluffy white, leaves paint the parties, the length of paper 12 cm and view 3 cm, we get the tree serrated edge, with some yellow flowers and most of the flowers of the white a tree for decoration and magnificent beauty. Six-Hassan Plant a beautiful name of scientific Belladonna It grows in the countrys warm and temperate, a grass not a tree land with a height of 600 to 4150 cm, roots thick and leg strong upright and leaves oval are really to Zjh but greasy, and the flowers six-Hassan Ali bell-shaped red beautiful shape and its fruits village green and then turns to a red flower and then turn to black after maturity is not eaten because they are toxic to produce mature seeds. Henna flowers Henna shrub agricultural roots and red legs and branches fluffy white bark and leaves are opposite and the neck of a small hump in the form of a bright green leaves and flowers are used for dyeing the hair and strengthen it to deal with it. Chickpea flower Herbal plant farm on his leg Qraaa cruel and libra above of from 30 to 50 cm papers vehicle Oriqath oval serrated flowers central focal color tends to red and white but the fruits of chickpeas is centuries in the form of an egg tip hooked and this fruit is a nice taste and health benefits. Sunflowers Flower plant sunflower plant long-average leg, but hollow, this flower such as the disk of the sun bloom with the first light of the sun and pay attention to the bright and still move with the movement of the sun until it reaches the west and the sunflower plant agricultural measures about two meters leg rigid upright and Haah weak and leaves a large heart-shaped and the plant Sunflower prepared by the Indian sacred and loved the Egyptian street. Cactus flower Is the blossom of the yellow color and large size is the plant flesh Akats material Alklorvil green rises from 2 to 5 meters and racks Yearbook oval shape and a length of from 30 to 40 cm and width of from 20 to 50 cm promises green with forks long characterized by flowers that the materials for the salivary and sugar and acid, citric acid and apple and fruit is very nutritious. Flowers lilies Iris white plant rises from 60 to 100 cm flowers large Vuahh the blue and central color of the yellow-and-leaf iris articulated shape and leg strong and there are some flowers for color and white topped illustrate red Rakech scarlet side is yellow from 5 to 8 cm. Papyrus flowers Papyrus plant long family Alkhimih and grows in swamps in the Delta and its roots are deepening in the mud and his legs stretch up on the section of a three-form flowers, papyrus is in the form of a tent and with a dense thicket of dense they resemble the sun and used in the manufacture of paper papyrus for writing was called the paper Royal, a evergreen and flowers bouquets were made of papyrus in the temples of God and drawing closer to the plant is still located in the southern Bahr el Ghazal River Nile. Flowers of the pomegranate Pomegranate trees with a height of 3 to 5 meters in his leg smooth and branches upright and the leaves are opposite and in the form of shaft blossom pomegranate five petals and the color purple and out of the fruits of spherical large the teeth cup him peel the heart and start a green color and then begin to flush with maturity within the fruit seeds of a small claims Frend Frend surrounding this core fluid and the birthplace of the pomegranate tree in Persia and the Pharaohs.

Microbial Clean-up of POPs in a Subsurface Environment

Microbial Clean-up of POPs in a Subsurface Environment Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) consist of a wide range of contaminants with each group presenting different challenges and having different processes for bioremediation. Although Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not a POP under the Stockholm Convention, they are widespread in the environment and can be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Specific PAHs are seldom found in isolation and interactions can increase the aforementioned properties (15). This paper describes a new product for the clean-up of PAHs in a subsurface environment. A new product for the clean-up of PAHs will be described including factors that could enhance or limit its potential, based on technical and literature reviews. The engineering and legal aspects of applying the product will also be examined. 3.1 Metabolic Characteristic of PAH Degradation Product       The majority of research into PAH degradation has focused on aerobic rather than anaerobic processes so this product has been designed using findings from aerobic studies (15). Constituents of this product are shown in Figure 1. Indigenous bacteria may have evolved more efficient pathways and enzymes to degrade PAHs compared to commonly cultivated microorganisms (15). If these are present only the biostimulation part of the product may be required to feed the bacteria or change groundwater chemistry to create favourable growth conditions. If the existing biomass is not viable or doesnt contain specific genes or species capable of degrading PAHs, the bacteria consortia part of the product can be introduced as well. In addition, more bacterial species are capable of degrading low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs compared to high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs and if testing shows the indigenous bacteria only possess strains able to degrade LWM PAHs the bacteria consortia part of the product should be used. A consortia can be more effective than one particular strain due to metabolic diversity and co-operative metabolic activates for example where products produced by one strain are further degraded by other strains possessing suitable catabolic pathways (8) A consortia cannot be formed by simply mixing any bacterial strains know to degrade PAHs as they may not be compatible or form co-operative metabolic activities (17). Also pre-exposure of bacteria to hydrocarbons has be shown to increase the degradation rate (11). Therefore the most effective remediation may be achieved by developing a consortia from inoculants isolated from an environment impacted by long term contamination. The consortium in this product consists of 4 strains: Pseudomonas (MTS-1, KC3), Cupriavidus (MTS-7) and Bacillus (KC5) and was formed by enriching and isolating bacteria from a manufactured gas plant site (17). The strains were then identified through molecular cloning and gene sequencing, mixed and the most effective PAH degrading consortia selected. The consortia has been shown to degrade PAHs in soil slurry by 80-90% for LMW PAHs and 60-70% for HMW PAHs compared to natural attenuation rates of 55% and 40% for LMW and HMW PAHs respectively. Figure 2 shows the upper pathway for the aerobic degradation of PAHs. HMW PAHs are degraded first followed by LMW PAHs and carbon dioxide and water formed as by-products (5). Dioxygenases are intracellular so PAHs must be taken in by cells for degradation to take place. Degradation rates depend on the mass transfer rates of contaminants from the solid or bound phase to the aqueous phase where they are bioavailable (8).   This can be increased by increasing the surface area between the substrate and the aqueous phase through the addition of surfactants (8). Concentrations of PAHs in the aqueous phase are proportional to the amount of surfactant available (8,11). For increased efficiency the biostimulation part of this product contains surfactants that have been shown to solubilize benzo[a]pyrene from the soil by 1000 times more than its water solubility plus all strains in the consortia are biosurfactant producers (13) (17). 3.2 Genetic Modification Degradation rates could be increased by molecular cloning of genes responsible for PAH degradation, into highly replicating plasmids in bacteria (8). Genetic engineering could also be used to introduce or modify membrane proteins to facilitate transportation of hydrophobic POPs into the cellular interiors of microbes or cells could be modified to enable catabolic reactions on their surface (2). Alternatively, protein engineering could enhanced degradative capabilities by modifying catabolic enzymes so one strain can catabolize several POPs or so catabolic enzymes can degrade dead end products (2). Genetic engineering is expensive, can be controversial, there may be difficulties in getting genetically engineered microbes to survive in the environment and gene transfer among microbes in the environment may lead to the emergence of new species (2) (4). It was therefore decided not to use genetic engineering due to cost and it would unlikely be acceptable to a regulator. (alex) 4.1 Factors That Could Enhance or Limit Potential of Product 4.1.1 Properties of Pollutant The longer an organic substance remains in contact with soil the more the bioavailability decreases due to the formation of bound residues. Bioavailability is the ability to be transported across a cell membrane for intercellular metabolism as with this product or the availability for extracellular metabolism. PAHs can also get trapped in coal tar or black carbon particles reducing their bioavailability () The bioavailability of POPs is low due to their high octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) meaning they are relatively hydrophobic whereas microbes and their catalytic enzymes are optimised for hydrophilic surroundings.   LMW 2-3 ring PAHs such as anthracene with lower Kow values, high water solubility and volatility are more mobile and therefore more rapidly degradable compared to HMW 4-7 ring PAHs such as Benzol[g,h,i]perylene which may be mutagenic and carcinogenic (4)(8). 4.1.2 Properties of Contaminated Environment The concentrations of soil organic matter and inorganic material effects the bioavailability of pollutants and reduces the survival of exogenous microorganisms (3). Where there is high organic and clay content PAHs are protected by sorption to organic matter and diffusion into micropores, thus limiting their degradation (4). Temperature will impact the product as the rate of organic pollutant desorption from soil to aqueous phase increases as temp increases. For PAHs the soil water partition-coefficient decreases by 20-30% for every 10oc rise in temperature between 5 and 45oc (11). In addition with increased temperature dissolved oxygen decreases and the ability of the bacteria to cope with temperature ranges may affect the product performance (4)(15). Lack of soil nutrients, bioavailability of carbon sources, presence of additional pollutants have been shown to inhibit biodegradation by affecting the physiology and ecology of microorganisms (17) (4). However, as shown in Table 1, this product contains nutrients and a carbon source for biostimulation. Heavy metal contamination is often found with PAHs but this product is designed with metal tolerant bacterial strains (17). The bacteria in this product are most efficient at degrading PAHs near pH7 so pH adjusters are also included. Other properties of the contaminated environment that could affect the products potential include adverse effects in soil microcosm due to competition between indigenous and exogenous microorganisms and interactions of the inoculated bacteria with protozoa and bacteriophages (3). Low soil water content will result in decreased substrate availability and may have physiological effects on microorganisms due to cell dehydration (3). 4.2 Engineering Challenges for Field Application of Product Figure 2 shows the stages in the field application of the product which needs to be tailored to site specific conditions. The product will be sold in the form a soluble injection compound that will be injected upstream of groundwater flow through injection wells, extracted downstream and recirculated. Table 2 shows some of the engineering challenges in the application of the product. 4.3 Legal Framework for Field Application of Product Local Authorities are responsible for determining if land or waters are contaminated and are the lead regulator except for Special Sites where SEPA is responsible. As shown in table XXX contamination can be addressed through the contaminated land regime under Part 2A of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 or though planning controls. Whenever possible remediation should be carried out by agreements with the enforcing authority rather than by means of a Remediation Notice. If a notice is served it will specify the action required and timescales. A mobile plant licence may be required for the treatment of contaminated land and may be regarded as an authorisation for the treatment of groundwater under The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2011 (9). When SEPA issue such a license a site specific working plan must be agreed with them. Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) represent trigger levels for concentrations of pollutants in soils that may pose a risk to human health. They dont represent the threshold at which harm occurs or unacceptable levels in terms of Part 2A of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 but they may be a starting point for the risk assessment process for determining if the land is contaminated or remediation has been successful (6).   There are no statutory standards for soil contamination as site specific risk assessment taking into account the sources, pathways and receptors affecting a particular site (7). The first part of the product is the biostimulation part containing elements to promote bacterial growth, a source of carbon, pH adjusters, an oxygen release compound and surfactants to increase the bioavailability of PAHs. If the indigenous bacteria are not capable of degrading PAHs present the bioaugmentation part should also be used. The bacterial strains in the consortia are biosurfactant producers and are capable of degrading HMW PAHs. The legal framework requires a site specific approach to the use of the product. Also the field application needs to be tailored to site specific conditions with environmental monitoring before, during and after application.